Lesson 2 · Verbs and pronouns
فعل to be والضمائر والعيلة
العيلة، الدول والجنسيات، الضمائر، فعل to be بالإثبات والنفي والسؤال، والاختصارات.
محتوى الدرس
- 1.Family — أفراد العيلة
- 2.Countries and Nationalities — الدول والجنسيات
- 3.Pronouns — الضمائر
- 4.Verb to be — أهم فعل في الإنجليزي
- 5.Contractions — الاختصارات
العيلة
grandfather
جد
/ˈɡɹændˌfɑðɚ/grandmother
جدة
/ˈɡɹændˌmʌðɚ/father
أب
/ˈfɑðɚ/mother
أم
/ˈmʌðɚ/brother
أخ
/ˈbɹʌðɚ/sister
أخت
/ˈsɪstɚ/uncle
عم / خال
/ˈʌŋkəl/aunt
عمة / خالة
/ˈænt/nephew
ابن الأخ أو الأخت
/ˈnɛfju/niece
بنت الأخ أو الأخت
/ˈnis/
الدول والجنسيات
الجنسية بتتكوّن من اسم الدولة بنهايات مختلفة: -an / -ian / -ish / -ese / -i. مفيش قاعدة واحدة، فبتتحفظ مع الدولة.
| الدولة | الجنسية | الدولة | الجنسية |
|---|---|---|---|
| Egypt | Egyptian | America | American |
| Australia | Australian | Canada | Canadian |
| Iran | Iranian | Italy | Italian |
| Russia | Russian | Syria | Syrian |
| Jordan | Jordanian | Saudi Arabia | Saudi Arabian |
| Mexico | Mexican | Germany | German |
| Ireland | Irish | Turkey | Turkish |
| Spain | Spanish | Britain | British |
| England | English | Scotland | Scottish |
| Japan | Japanese | China | Chinese |
| Portugal | Portuguese | Sudan | Sudanese |
| France | French | the Netherlands | Dutch |
| Greece | Greek | New Zealand | New Zealander |
| Iraq | Iraqi | Kuwait | Kuwaiti |
| Bahrain | Bahraini | Pakistan | Pakistani |
| Thailand | Thai | Korea | Korean |
بريطانيا (Great Britain / UK) جواها أكتر من بلد: England → English، Scotland → Scottish، Wales → Welsh، وكلهم British.
الضمائر
الضمير بيحل محل الاسم عشان ما نكرّرش الاسم في كل جملة.
Michael is 37 years old. Michael is Egyptian. Michael is a father.
تكرار الاسم تقيل.
Michael is 37 years old. He is Egyptian. He is a father.
بنستخدم he.
Ahmed and Mohamed are brothers. They are fathers.
للجمع بنستخدم they.
| الضمير | المعنى | مفرد / جمع |
|---|---|---|
| I | أنا | مفرد |
| you | أنت / أنتم | الاتنين |
| he | هو | مفرد |
| she | هي | مفرد |
| it | هو/هي لغير العاقل | مفرد |
| we | احنا | جمع |
| they | هم | جمع |
مع he / she / it الفعل بياخد s في المضارع البسيط.
I drink coffee. You drink coffee. We drink coffee. They drink coffee.
He drinks coffee. She drinks coffee. It drinks milk.
لاحظ الـ s.
فعل to be
| الضمير | الإثبات | النفي | الاختصار |
|---|---|---|---|
| I | I am Egyptian. | I am not Egyptian. | I'm / I'm not |
| He | He is Egyptian. | He is not Egyptian. | he's / he isn't |
| She | She is Egyptian. | She is not Egyptian. | she's / she isn't |
| It | It is big. | It is not big. | it's / it isn't |
| You | You are Egyptian. | You are not Egyptian. | you're / you aren't |
| We | We are Egyptians. | We are not Egyptians. | we're / we aren't |
| They | They are Egyptians. | They are not Egyptians. | they're / they aren't |
I'm from Canada. I'm Canadian. I'm not American.
He's from Iraq. He's Iraqi. He's not Egyptian.
She's from Greece. She's Greek. She's not Turkish.
They're from Britain. They're British. They're not French.
We're from Spain. We're Spanish. We're not German.
You're from the Netherlands. You're Dutch. You're not Swedish.
السؤال بـ to be
السؤال بيتعمل بتقديم الفعل على الضمير: Is he …? / Are they …?
Is he Egyptian? — Yes, he is. / No, he isn't.
Are they Italian? — Yes, they are. / No, they aren't.
تمرين الدرس
Ahmed and I ….. friends.
Mohamed ….. 23 years old.
….. Mohamed 23 years old?
Ahmed and Mohamed ….. from Syria.
….. they from Syria?
Yes, ……… from Syria.